摘要
随着经济发展和社会转型，我国人民群众的物质生活水平和精神文明程度有了显著提高，然而，发展过程中我们仍然存在很多问题，面临大量的困难与挑战。从思想政治教育的角度来看，当前我国存在的发展问题根源在于公民的思想品德水平与我国经济、政治、社会、文化等方面的发展要求之间的矛盾，特别是公民在严守规约、遵守法律、信仰法治方面的思想观念存在明显的薄弱和误区，这与当前全面推进依法治国等的时代要求相背离。为此，本文对契约精神的内涵、功能、现实意义以及培育路径进行了理论探讨与分析。
理清契约精神的概念、内涵和特征，是进一步研究探讨契约精神培育的理论基础和前提条件。契约精神的概念已经突破了传统的人际交往和商品交易之间诚实守信的道德范畴，在横向上涵盖了政治、经济、文化、社会等多领域多角度的适用范围，在纵向上包含着主体性、自由、平等、权利、协作、互利、诚信与自我负责等深化的精神内涵。契约精神是公民在道德自律的基础上主动、善意地遵守规则和约定，尊重他人合法权益、公共利益的心理状态和思想观念。作为思想政治教育内容的契约精神培育，应当符合思想政治教育的原理和规律：从内容上看是思想教育和政治教育的结合，应当与当前中国的经济、政治、社会、文化等方面的具体情况相符合，决不能是空中楼阁、脱离现实；从目的上看，契约精神培育的目的是为了使得公民的道德水平、法律意识、法治信仰与当前全面推进依法治国等发展要求相一致。
中国自古以来就有“诚实守信”的文化道德传统和遵守契约的法律规范，然而，由于中国传统社会在国家层面实行封建君主专制制度，在社会层面实行家族主义、集体主义，在经济层面实行自给自足的自然经济，契约精神的形成和发展缺乏有利的制度和环境条件。反之，在西方社会，由于基督教的宗教信仰、资本主义制度下商业交易高度发达的经济环境、君主专制制度的及时瓦解等因素，契约精神得以形成、发展，并且扎根于西方社会的公民内心，成为公民意识的重要组成部分。也正因为西方社会有着与中国截然不同的历史发展、文化环境等，西方社会的契约精神本质和中国社会发展所要培育的契约精神并非完全相同，中国在培育契约精神时需要借鉴、甄别性地吸收西方经验，形成具有新时代中国特色的契约精神。
从微观的角度来看，契约精神是人际交往、商业活动、行使法定权利等个人与个人之间、个人与社会之间、个人与国家之间的交往互动行为所必须具备的精神要素。从宏观的角度来看，契约精神具有社会调节功能和利益协调功能，能够促进社会秩序的稳定，保持社会发展的活力。契约精神培育是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的客观要求，也是践行社会主义核心价值观、创造性发展中华民族优秀传统文化、坚定文化自信的重要路径，具有极强的现实意义。
在当代中国，契约精神的缺失对于经济发展、法治建设、社会交往、公共生活等多个领域都造成了较大的负面影响，主要表现为：合同违约现象严重；漠视符合公序良俗的社会规则和商业规则；滥用权利以至于损害他人的合法权益以及社会公共利益、社会公共资源等。当前在中国，契约精神培育存在若干制约因素，主要包括：市场经济体制尚未健全，公平有序的市场竞争环境尚未形成；社会信用体系尚未建立，缺乏对失信行为的有力监督和惩戒；拜金主义、重利轻义观念、“官本位”思想等消极思想观念仍有残留甚至盛行，法治文化尚未形成等。
根据以上对于契约精神的分析，并针对当前契约精神培育存在制约因素，在承接中华民族优秀传统文化和国外相关培育理念的基础上，本文研究了契约精神培育的基本内容、价值取向、社会环境和实现路径。首先，契约精神培育的基本内容包括诚信意识、规则意识和权责意识，这三者相互联系、辩证统一：诚信是契约精神的价值核心，将诚信意识教育融入契约精神培育是中华民族优秀传统文化在法治文化领域内的创新性发展；规则意识是契约精神的基础，遵守规约是契约精神的行为表征；权责意识是契约精神得以践行的重要保障，公民相互尊重权利的契约精神发展的持续动力。其次，契约精神培育应当坚持中国共产党领导的政治原则，坚持以人为本的教育原则，坚持德法兼治、刚柔并济的协调原则。最后，契约精神培育的具体路径包括：构建中国特色的契约精神培育协同体系，强化“自律”；打造中国特色的契约精神制度保障体系，强化“他律”；发挥政府的道德示范作用，以“官德”促“民风”；繁荣社会主义先进文化，营造契约精神培育的良好氛围。
关键词：契约精神，诚信意识，规则意识，权责意识
Abstract
With economic development and social transformation， the material living standard and spiritual civilization of the Chinese people have been significantly improved. However， in the process of development， we still have many problems and face a lot of difficulties and challenges. From the perspective of ideological and political education， those problems come from the contradicts between Chinese citizens' ideological and moral level and requirements of developing China's economy， politics， society， culture. There are still weakness and wrongs in citizens’ adherence to rules， contracts and laws， beliefs， the rule of law ideology exist obvious weak and pitfalls， which is fully against the current requirements of ruling by laws. Therefore， this paper theoretically discusses and analyzes the connotation， function， practical significance and cultivation path of the spirit of contract.
To clarify the concept， connotation and characteristics of the spirit of contract is the theoretical basis and prerequisite for further study and discussion of the cultivation of the spirit of contract. The concept of contractual spirit already broke through the traditional interpersonal and commodity trading between the morality of honesty， covering many fields such as politics， economy， culture and the applicable scope on the longitudinal contains subjectivity， freedom， equality， rights，
cooperation， mutual benefit， honesty and responsibility. The spirit of contract refers to the psychological state and ideology of citizens who， on the basis of moral self-discipline， actively and good-faith abide by rules and agreements， and respect others' legitimate rights and interests and public interests. As the content of ideological and political education， the cultivation of the spirit of contract should conform to the principles and rules of ideological and political education： from the content， it is the combination of ideological education and political education， which should be in line with the specific situation of China's economy， politics， society， culture and other aspects， and should never be a castle in the air or divorced from reality. From the point of view， the purpose of cultivating the spirit of contract is to make citizens' moral level， legal awareness and belief in the rule of law consistent with the realistic requirements of development.
"Honest and trustworthy" has existed since ancient times in China's cultural and moral traditions. However， because the traditional Chinese society practiced a system of feudal monarchy at the national level， practiced the clan system and collectivism in social level and practiced a self-sufficient natural economy， the formation and development of contractual spirit lack of favorable institutional and environmental conditions. On the contrary， in western society， the spirit of contract is formed and developed by the Christian religious belief， the highly developed economic environment of commercial transactions under the capitalist system， the timely disintegration of the autocratic monarchy and other factors， so that it is rooted in the hearts of citizens in western society， becoming an important part of civic consciousness.
From a micro perspective， the spirit of contract is a necessary spiritual element for interpersonal communication， commercial activities， the exercise of legal rights and other communication behaviors between individuals， between individuals and society， and between individuals and the state. From a macro perspective， the spirit of contract has the function of social adjustment and interest coordination， which can promote the stability of social order and maintain the vitality of social development. The cultivation of the spirit of contract is an objective requirement to modernize the national governance system and capabilities. It is also an important path to practice the core socialist values， creatively develop the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and strengthen cultural confidence.
In contemporary China， the lack of the spirit of contract has caused a great negative impact on economic development， rule of law construction， social communication， public life and other fields， mainly manifested as： serious contract breach; disregarding social and business rules that conform to public order and good customs; abuse of power to the detriment of the legitimate rights and interests of others， social public interests， social public resources， etc. At present， there are several factors restricting the cultivation of the spirit of contract in China， including the facts that the market economic system has not been improved， the fair and orderly market competition environment has not yet formed; the social credit system has not been established， and there is a lack of effective supervision and punishment for dishonest behaviors; the concept of money worship， the concept of prioritizing profit over justice， "official standard" and other negative ideas still exist and even prevail， and the rule of law culture has not been formed.
Based on the above analysis of the spirit of contract and the existing constraints on the cultivation of the spirit of contract， the basic content， value orientation， social environment and implementation path of the spirit of contract are proposed on the basis of inheriting the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and relevant cultivation ideas abroad. First， the basic contents of the cultivation of the spirit of contract include the concept of good faith， the consciousness of rules and the consciousness of power and responsibility， which are interrelated and dialectically unified. The consciousness of rules is the primary stage of the spirit of contract. The sense of power and responsibility is an important guarantee for the fulfillment of the spirit of contract. Secondly， the cultivation of the spirit of contract should adhere to the political principle led by the communist party of China， adhere to the people-oriented educational principle， adhere to the coordination principle of combining the rule of law with the rule of virtue， and combining rigor and softness. Finally， the specific paths of cultivating the spirit of contract include： constructing the cooperative system of the spirit of contract education with Chinese characteristics， and strengthening "self-discipline"; to build a guarantee system for the spirit of contract with Chinese characteristics and strengthen "heteronomy"; give play to the government's role of moral model， and promote "people's customs" with "official morality"; develop advanced socialist culture and create a good atmosphere for cultivating the spirit of contract.
Key words：Spirit of Contract，Concept of Integrity， Consciousness of Rules， Consciousness of Rights and Responsibilities
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