摘 要
三轴雕刻机是一种用于雕刻加工的机电一体化机床，它能加工的材料的范围非常广，既可以加工铜、铝等金属材料，又可以加工塑料、陶瓷、石材等非金属材料，因此被广泛应用于各行各业，具有非常广阔的市场前景。三轴雕刻机的使用大大提高了雕刻加工的效率，给制造业的发展提供了动力。
三轴雕刻机通过其控制系统来控制步进电机和电主轴运转，步进电机再通过联轴器带动丝杠转动，丝杠再带动丝杠螺母及与其固定的各部件做直线进给运动，同时电主轴再带动刀具回转，从而实现雕刻机在X、Y、Z三个方向上的雕刻加工。
本设计采用步进电机作为各向进给运动的驱动电机，较伺服电机其控制更简单，成本更低。采用滚珠丝杠螺母副和弹性联轴器作为主要传动部件，较齿轮传动其平稳性更好、结构更紧凑，加工精度更容易保证。采用直线滚动导轨作为导向部件，较真线滑动导轨其摩擦系数更小、定位精度更高、寿命更长且不易出现爬行现象。
本设计的预期目的是通过设计来实现对基于单片机控制的三轴雕刻机进行三轴联动控制，通过对三轴雕刻机的机械系统的总体设计、机械系统主要零部件的设计以及控制系统的设计，最终使所设计的三轴雕刻机能够完成在X、Y、Z三个方向上的雕刻加工，达到了预期目的。
关键词：雕刻机；三轴机床 ；设计
Abstract
CNC engraving machine is a mechatronics machine tool used for carving processing, it can be processed materials range is very wide, can be processing copper, aluminum and other metal materials, and processing non-metallic materials such as plastic, ceramic, stone, therefore they are widely used in all walks of life, has very broad market prospects. The use of CNC engraving machine greatly improve the efficiency of the carving process, provided the impetus to the development of manufacturing industry.
CNC engraving machine, through its control system to control the step motor and electric spindle, stepper motor through coupling drive screw rotation, again lead screw drive screw nut and its fixed parts do linear feed movement, motorized spindle drive tool rotary again at the same time, so as to realize engraving machine in X, Y, Z three directions of carving processing.
This design adopts stepper motor to feed movement as the drive motor, servo motor control is more simple, the cost is lower. The ball screw nut pair and elastic coupling as the main transmission parts, gear drive its better stability, structure is more compact, more easy to guarantee machining accuracy. With linear rolling guide as guide parts, truer line slide guide its smaller friction coefficient, positioning accuracy is higher, longer life and not easy to appear the crawling phenomenon.
The expected purpose of this design is implemented through the design of CNC engraving machine based on single chip microcomputer control the three axes linkage control, based on the general design of the CNC engraving machine mechanical system, the design of the main components of mechanical system and the design of the control system, finally make the design of the CNC engraving machine can complete in X, Y, Z three directions of carving processing, to achieve the intended purpose.
Key words: engraving machine; CNC machine tools; desig
三轴雕刻机是一种用于雕刻加工的机电一体化机床，它能加工的材料的范围非常广，既可以加工铜、铝等金属材料，又可以加工塑料、陶瓷、石材等非金属材料，因此被广泛应用于各行各业，具有非常广阔的市场前景。三轴雕刻机的使用大大提高了雕刻加工的效率，给制造业的发展提供了动力。
三轴雕刻机通过其控制系统来控制步进电机和电主轴运转，步进电机再通过联轴器带动丝杠转动，丝杠再带动丝杠螺母及与其固定的各部件做直线进给运动，同时电主轴再带动刀具回转，从而实现雕刻机在X、Y、Z三个方向上的雕刻加工。
本设计采用步进电机作为各向进给运动的驱动电机，较伺服电机其控制更简单，成本更低。采用滚珠丝杠螺母副和弹性联轴器作为主要传动部件，较齿轮传动其平稳性更好、结构更紧凑，加工精度更容易保证。采用直线滚动导轨作为导向部件，较真线滑动导轨其摩擦系数更小、定位精度更高、寿命更长且不易出现爬行现象。
本设计的预期目的是通过设计来实现对基于单片机控制的三轴雕刻机进行三轴联动控制，通过对三轴雕刻机的机械系统的总体设计、机械系统主要零部件的设计以及控制系统的设计，最终使所设计的三轴雕刻机能够完成在X、Y、Z三个方向上的雕刻加工，达到了预期目的。
关键词：雕刻机；三轴机床 ；设计
Abstract
CNC engraving machine is a mechatronics machine tool used for carving processing, it can be processed materials range is very wide, can be processing copper, aluminum and other metal materials, and processing non-metallic materials such as plastic, ceramic, stone, therefore they are widely used in all walks of life, has very broad market prospects. The use of CNC engraving machine greatly improve the efficiency of the carving process, provided the impetus to the development of manufacturing industry.
CNC engraving machine, through its control system to control the step motor and electric spindle, stepper motor through coupling drive screw rotation, again lead screw drive screw nut and its fixed parts do linear feed movement, motorized spindle drive tool rotary again at the same time, so as to realize engraving machine in X, Y, Z three directions of carving processing.
This design adopts stepper motor to feed movement as the drive motor, servo motor control is more simple, the cost is lower. The ball screw nut pair and elastic coupling as the main transmission parts, gear drive its better stability, structure is more compact, more easy to guarantee machining accuracy. With linear rolling guide as guide parts, truer line slide guide its smaller friction coefficient, positioning accuracy is higher, longer life and not easy to appear the crawling phenomenon.
The expected purpose of this design is implemented through the design of CNC engraving machine based on single chip microcomputer control the three axes linkage control, based on the general design of the CNC engraving machine mechanical system, the design of the main components of mechanical system and the design of the control system, finally make the design of the CNC engraving machine can complete in X, Y, Z three directions of carving processing, to achieve the intended purpose.
Key words: engraving machine; CNC machine tools; desig
目 录
摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
第1章 绪论
1. 1 三轴雕刻机综述
1.2 研制雕刻机的目的和意义
1.3 三轴雕刻机的特点
1.4 三轴雕刻机的应用
1.5 我国三轴雕刻机的发展现状
第2章 机械系统总体设计
2.1 整体结构设计
2.1.1 总体布局的基本要求
2.1.2 雕刻机总体布局的设计
2.1.3 雕刻机的坐标系统选择
2.1.4 雕刻机的机械结构
2.2 进给系统
2.3 主传动系统
第3章 机械系统主要零部件设计
3.1 主要技术参数
3.2 主要零件的设计
3.2.1 主轴电机的选择
3.2.2 步进电机的选择
3.2.3 X轴滚珠丝杠螺母副及其支承轴承的选择
3.2.4 Y轴滚珠丝杠螺母副及其支承轴承的选择
3.2.5 Z轴滚珠丝杠螺母副及其支承轴承的选择
3.2.6 导轨副——直线滚动导轨的设计与选择
3.2.7 联轴器的选择
3.2.8 滚珠丝杠的校核
3.2.9 步进电机的校核
第4章 三轴系统主要零部件设计
4.1 确定机床控制系统方案
4.2 主要芯片配置
4.2.1 单片机芯片选择
4.2.2 8031单片机的主要特性及引脚
4.2.3 RAM的选用
4.2.4 EPROM的选用
4.2.5 8031单片机I/O口扩展
4.3 键盘设计
4.4 显示器设计
4.4.1显示器显示方式的选用
4.4.2显示器接口
4.5 越界报警电路
4.6步进电机接口电路及驱动
4.7 部分程序
总 结
参考文献
附录1 外文翻译-原文部分
附录2 外文翻译-中文部分
致 谢
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